Pipe Fittings Significance in Piping Field Part - 2

II JAY SHRI KRISHNA II

If you all have read my previous blog on ‘Pipe Fittings Significance in Piping Field Part-1’, then you must have known that all Pipe Fittings play a crucial role in the world of Piping Systems. These essential components are used to connect, divert, or control the flow of fluids or gases within a pipeline.

Pipe Fittings Significance in Piping Field Part - 2

In this blog, we will see details of Types of Elbows, Reducing Elbows, Return, Miter Bends, Types of Tess, Pipe Stub-in, Stub-on Connections and Type of Reducer, i.e. Concentric Reducer & Eccentric Reducer.

Types of Pipe Fittings:

The most common types of Pipe Fittings are including:

Elbows:

Elbows are commonly used to change the direction of Fluid Flow in a Pipeline. They come in different angles, such as 45 degrees and 90 degrees, to suit the required turning radius.

Types of Elbows

There are two types of 90-degree butt welding end elbows available.

1. Long Radius Elbow        R = 1.5D

2. Short Radius Elbow       R = 1.0D

Where, D - The Nominal Bore of Pipe

Reducing Elbows:

These Fittings are commonly used in Piping System when you need to change the direction of the flow while also accommodating a change in pipe diameters.

Reducing Elbows are available to make 90 degree change with change in line size. As shown in figure.

Reducing Elbow

Reducing elbows are available in various angels (e.g. 45 or 90 degrees) and can be used in a range of  applications, including Plumbing, HVAC and industrial Piping Systems.

They are designed to provide a smooth transition and maintain the continuity of flow while adjusting to different pipe sizes. This is useful when connecting pipe of different sizes or when you need to maintain flow rate and reduces pressure drop in the system.

Return:

Return

Return change direction of flow thru 180 degrees & it is used to construct heating coils, vents on tanks etc. The choice of Return Fitting depends on the specific needs and requirement of the Piping System.

Miter Bends:

For large diameter piping bends are fabricated by profile cutting of pipes and are called Miter Bends.

Miter Bends

Miter bend with two piece, three piece or four piece, construction can be made. Bends whose radii ranged from 3 to 5 times the nominal pipe diameter will offer the least pressure drop and afford adequate flexibility to the system.

Fabricated bends are used in low pressure service & in general services like water and air.

Tees:

Tees are T-shaped fittings that allow the flow to be divided into two directions. This is useful in systems that require branch lines or distribution. For example, a ball valve can be installed in a tee fitting to create an adjustable diversion point.

Example of Tee Connections

• There are ‘Equal Tee’ & ‘Reducing Tee’ are in use. As shown in figure.

• The schedule thickness specified is same as that of pipe.

• For low pressure, instead of using standard tee, branching off is done direct welding of pipe to pipe.

Pipe Stub-in Connections:

Pipe Stub-in connection is most economical way for making branch from header line. The Stub in is used when the branch is more than one size smaller than the main pipe. These are usually used for all low temperature non critical services.

Due to high stress intensification factor, these are not recommended for high temp. and other critical services. While using Stub-in connection, be sure whether reinforcement is required or not.

Stub in and Stub on Connections

Pipe Stub-on Connections:

These connections are normally preferred when branch is one size less than header line. In piping it refers to a connection point, often a short section of pipe, that is left sticking out from the main pipe for future use.

This stub can be used to easily connect additional piping or components at a later time without having to cut into the main pipe. It’s a common practice in Piping Systems to allow for flexibility in system modifications or expansions

Reducers:

Reducers are used to reduce or expand the Pipeline size. They can be concentric, where both ends are aligned, or eccentric, where the ends are at different levels.

Concentric & Eccentric Reducers

Concentric Reducer:

In this type of reducer reduction is concentric & center line of the pipe remains same. These are generally used in vertical lines.

Eccentric Reducer:

In this type of reducer there is eccentricity between center line of bigger end & center line of smaller end. This eccentricity is to the extent that; outer surface of bigger end is in line with the outer surface of smaller end called ‘Flat Side’.

While locating this type of reducer in pipeline one have getting option of orienting flat side. Usually for all horizontal lines, Eccentric Reducer are preferred with either the flat side up or down.

Eccentric Reducer on horizontal lines with flat side down are preferred for following cases:

• On Pipe rack & sleeper to maintain constant Bottom of Pipe (BOP).
• On Gravity Flow Pipeline
• On Pump Suction Nozzles

Eccentric Reducer on horizontal lines with flat side up are preferred for all pump suction lines including pumps handling slurry. This is to avoid air trapped inside the pipeline during initial venting through pump casing.

For Further Pipe Fittings details kindly follow my next blog Series.....

Please, Refer Previous blog on 

Pipe Significance in Piping Field, 

Pipe Fittings Significance in Piping Field Part - 1, Part -3 and Part - 4, Part - 5, O' let Fittings 

A Deeper Look at Pipe Fitting Selection Criteria for continuation

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